ICAR Asrb net 2021 model paper

✅ ICAR ASRB NET –  Bioinformatics Previous year MCQs with Answers & Explanations।

Q1. Which of the following is a dynamic programming algorithm for local sequence alignment?
A. Needleman-Wunsch
B. BLAST
C. Smith-Waterman
D. FASTA
Answer: C
Explanation: Smith-Waterman algorithm is used for local sequence alignment using dynamic programming. Needleman-Wunsch is for global alignment.

Q2. PAM and BLOSUM matrices are used for:
A. DNA mutation prediction
B. Protein sequence alignment scoring
C. RNA structure prediction
D. Primer design
Answer: B
Explanation: Both PAM and BLOSUM are substitution matrices used to score alignments between protein sequences.

Q3. UPGMA is a method used in:
A. Structural genomics
B. Gene prediction
C. Multiple sequence alignment
D. Phylogenetic tree construction
Answer: D
Explanation: UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) is used to construct phylogenetic trees based on distance matrices.

Q4. Which database is a primary protein sequence database?
A. Swiss-Prot
B. Pfam
C. GenBank
D. UniProtKB
Answer: A
Explanation: Swiss-Prot is a manually curated primary database for protein sequences.

Q5. BLAST stands for:
A. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
B. Biological Location Alignment Search Tool
C. Biostatistical Linear Analysis Scanning Technique
D. Base Line Automated Sequence Tool
Answer: A
Explanation: BLAST is a heuristic method used to compare a query sequence with a database using local alignment.

Q6. What is the full form of EST in bioinformatics?
A. Enzyme Similarity Tool
B. Expressed Sequence Tag
C. Experimental Structure Technique
D. Endonuclease Sequence Type
Answer: B
Explanation: ESTs are short sub-sequences from cDNA, used to identify gene transcripts.

Q7. The technique used to study the expression level of thousands of genes simultaneously is:

A. PCR
B. Microarray
C. RFLP
D. FISH
Answer: B
Explanation: Microarrays are used for transcriptome profiling, i.e., measuring the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously.

Q8. The NCBI tool for genome annotation is:
A. ORF Finder
B. GeneMark
C. RAST
D. Gnomon
Answer: D
Explanation: Gnomon is the NCBI tool for eukaryotic gene prediction and annotation.

Q9. Ramachandran plot is used to study:

A. DNA bending angle
B. RNA folding
C. Protein secondary structure torsion angles
D. Protein-ligand interactions
Answer: C
Explanation: Ramachandran plot visualizes backbone dihedral angles ψ against φ of amino acid residues in protein structure.

Q10. Which of the following is a protein 3D structure visualization tool?
A. BLAST
B. MEGA
C. Rasmol
D. Primer3
Answer: C
Explanation: Rasmol is used to visualize molecular structures, particularly protein 3D structures. 

Q11. Which of the following databases stores complete genome sequences?

A. PDB

B. DDBJ

C. GEO

D. Pfam

Answer: B

Explanation: DDBJ (DNA Data Bank of Japan) stores complete nucleotide sequences including whole genomes

Q12. The process of predicting gene locations on a DNA sequence is known as:

A. Sequence alignment

B. Gene prediction

C. Clustering

D. Homology modeling

Answer: B

Explanation: Gene prediction is used to identify regions of genomic DNA that encode genes.

Q13. Which of the following tools is used for ab initio gene prediction?

A. BLAST

B. AUGUSTUS

C. NCBI ORF Finder

D. STRING

Answer: B

Explanation: AUGUSTUS is a well-known ab initio gene prediction software for eukaryotic genomes.

Q14. The term "proteome" refers to:

A. A set of all RNA molecules

B. All metabolites in a cell

C. All protein-coding genes

D. Complete set of proteins in a cell or organism

Answer: D

Explanation: The proteome is the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism.

Q15. Which of the following is a database of protein–protein interactions?

A. KEGG

B. GenBank

C. STRING

D. Pfam

Answer: C

Explanation: STRING is a database of known and predicted protein–protein interactions.

Q16. What does ORF stand for in gene prediction?

A. Open Read Frame

B. Optical Reading Framework

C. Open Reading Frame

D. Ordered RNA Factor

Answer: C

Explanation: An Open Reading Frame (ORF) is a sequence of DNA that has the potential to code for a protein.

Q17. A cDNA library represents:

A. Genomic sequences including introns

B. Non-coding RNA only

C. Expressed genes only

D. All possible mutations

Answer: C

Explanation: A cDNA library contains only those sequences that are transcribed (i.e., expressed genes).

Q18. The tool used for comparing two genomes is:

A. BLASTN

B. MAUVE

C. MEGA

D. Clustal Omega

Answer: B

Explanation: MAUVE is used for multiple genome alignment and visualization of large-scale rearrangements.

Q19. Which technique separates proteins based on isoelectric point?

A. SDS-PAGE

B. Western blot

C. 2D-PAGE

D. ELISA

Answer: C

Explanation: 2D-PAGE separates proteins based on isoelectric point (first dimension) and molecular weight (second dimension).

Q20. Which tool predicts the presence of transmembrane domains in proteins?

A. TMHMM

B. BLASTP

C. SignalP

D. PSORT

Answer: A

Explanation: TMHMM predicts transmembrane helices in proteins using Hidden Markov Models.

Q21. Which technique is used for quantitative analysis of gene expression?

A. RFLP

B. qRT-PCR

C. Southern blotting

D. 2D-PAGE

Answer: B

Explanation: Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a widely used technique for measuring mRNA expression levels.

Q22. RPKM stands for:

A. Reads Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads

B. Rate of Protein Kinase Mutation

C. RNA Per Knowledge Marker

D. Reverse Primer K-mer

Answer: A

Explanation: RPKM is a normalized measure of gene expression derived from RNA-Seq data.

Q23. RNA-Seq data is typically stored in which database?

A. PDB

B. GEO

C. DDBJ

D. MG-RAST

Answer: B

Explanation: GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) is a public repository for functional genomics data like microarrays and RNA-Seq.

Q24. The database for eukaryotic promoter sequences is:

A. JASPAR

B. Pfam

C. PDB

D. InterPro

Answer: A

Explanation: JASPAR is a database of transcription factor binding profiles, including eukaryotic promoter sequences.

Q25. Which of the following is used to assemble RNA-Seq reads into transcripts?

A. Bowtie

B. HISAT2

C. TopHat

D. Cufflinks

Answer: D

Explanation: Cufflinks assembles aligned RNA-Seq reads into transcripts and estimates their abundances.

Q26. A gene ontology term describes:

A. DNA replication speed

B. Sequence length

C. Functional annotation of genes

D. Mutational score

Answer: C

Explanation: Gene Ontology (GO) provides consistent descriptions of gene products across databases.

Q27. ENSEMBL is a:

A. Protein alignment tool

B. Protein-protein interaction database

C. Genome browser for vertebrates and model organisms

D. Protein motif predictor

Answer: C

Explanation: ENSEMBL provides a genome browser for vertebrates and model organisms with gene annotations.

Q28. FASTQ files are used to store:

A. Assembled genomes

B. Protein 3D structures

C. DNA sequence with quality scores

D. Genetic variants

Answer: C

Explanation: FASTQ format stores nucleotide sequences along with quality scores from sequencing.

Q29. Which of the following is an identifier for a DNA sequence in GenBank?

A. PDB ID

B. GI number or accession number

C. EC number

D. GO ID

Answer: B

Explanation: GenBank assigns GI or accession numbers to each sequence entry.

Q30. SNPs are:

A. Single nucleotide polymorphisms

B. Small nucleotide primers

C. Short nucleotide positions

D. Stable nucleotide platforms

Answer: A

Explanation: SNPs (Single Nucleo

tide Polymorphisms) are variations at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals.

Q31. Which method is commonly used to determine 3D structure of proteins?

A. PCR

B. ELISA

C. X-ray crystallography

D. SDS-PAGE

Answer: C

Explanation: X-ray crystallography is the most commonly used method to determine high-resolution 3D structures of proteins.

Q32. The database that stores 3D structures of biological macromolecules is:

A. KEGG

B. PDB

C. Swiss-Prot

D. NCBI GEO

Answer: B

Explanation: The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is the global repository for 3D structures of biomolecules.

Q33. What does RMSD stand for in structural comparison?

A. Random Molecular Substitution Distance

B. Root Mean Square Deviation

C. Real Mean Structural Density

D. Residue Mapping Summary Data

Answer: B

Explanation: RMSD is a measure of the average distance between atoms of superimposed proteins.

Q34. Homology modeling predicts protein structure based on:

A. DNA sequence only

B. Protein function similarity

C. Template protein with known structure

D. Ab initio folding

Answer: C

Explanation: Homology modeling uses a known protein structure as a template to model a similar unknown protein.

Q35. Which of the following is a popular software for homology modeling?

A. MODELLER

B. MEGA

C. BLAST

D. GROMACS

Answer: A

Explanation: MODELLER is used for comparative protein structure modeling based on known homologous templates.

Q36. Ramachandran plots show:

A. Protein solubility

B. Dihedral angles in protein backbones

C. Binding affinity

D. Phylogenetic relationships

Answer: B

Explanation: It visualizes the ψ and φ backbone angles of amino acid residues in a protein.

Q37. Which amino acid is most restricted in the Ramachandran plot?

A. Glycine

B. Alanine

C. Proline

D. Valine

Answer: C

Explanation: Proline is conformationally restricted due to its cyclic structure.

Q38. Which force field is widely used for molecular dynamics simulation?

A. FASTA

B. CHARMM

C. BLAST

D. EMBOSS

Answer: B

Explanation: CHARMM is a commonly used force field for simulating molecular interactions in proteins and DNA.

Q39. Hydrogen bonds in proteins are essential for:

A. Disulfide bridge formation

B. Primary structure

C. Secondary and tertiary structure stability

D. Gene expression

Answer: C

Explanation: Hydrogen bonding contributes to the stability of α-helices and β-sheets in protein structures.

Q40. Which tool allows visualization of macromolecular interactions in 3D?

A. STRING

B. PyMOL

C. ClustalW

D. Galaxy

Answer: B

Explanation: PyMOL is widely used for high-quality 3D visualization of biomolecular structures and interactions.

Q41. Which database provides pathway maps for metabolic and signaling networks?

A. STRING

B. KEGG

C. GEO

D. RCSB

Answer: B

Explanation: KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a comprehensive resource for metabolic and cellular pathway maps.

Q42. In systems biology, a "node" in a network represents:

A. A gene or protein

B. A pathway

C. A nucleotide

D. A DNA sequence

Answer: A

Explanation: A node in biological networks often represents a biomolecule like a gene or protein.

Q43. Which tool is used for network visualization in systems biology?

A. Cytoscape

B. BLAST

C. Primer3

D. TMHMM

Answer: A

Explanation: Cytoscape is a powerful tool for visualizing and analyzing complex biological networks.

Q44. The technique used for quantitative proteomics involving isotope labeling is:

A. ELISA

B. qPCR

C. SILAC

D. DNA microarray

Answer: C

Explanation: SILAC (Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture) is used for accurate protein quantification in proteomics.

Q45. Flux balance analysis is applied in:

A. Protein folding

B. Gene expression quantification

C. Metabolic network modeling

D. DNA sequencing

Answer: C

Explanation: FBA (Flux Balance Analysis) models the flow of metabolites through a metabolic network.

Q46. Which algorithm is used in BLAST for speed enhancement?

A. Dynamic programming

B. Smith-Waterman

C. Heuristic

D. Exhaustive search

Answer: C

Explanation: BLAST uses heuristic algorithms to find high-scoring sequence alignments quickly.

Q47. What is the complexity of Needleman-Wunsch algorithm?

A. O(n)

B. O(n²)

C. O(log n)

D. O(n³)

Answer: B

Explanation: Needleman-Wunsch uses dynamic programming with time and space complexity of O(n²).

Q48. Which language is most commonly used in developing bioinformatics pipelines?

A. HTML

B. Java

C. Python

D. CSS

Answer: C

Explanation: Python is widely adopted in bioinformatics for scripting, data handling, and tool integration.

Q49. The R programming package used for statistical genomics is:

A. GenStat

B. ggplot2

C. Bioconductor

D. Matplotlib

Answer: C

Explanation: Bioconductor is an R package designed for bioinformatics and statistical analysis of genomic data.

Q50. What is the role of 'grep' command in UNIX/Linux in bioinformatics?

A. Compiling code

B. File transfer

C. Pattern searching in large datasets

D. Visualizing net

works

Answer: C

Explanation: 'grep' is used to search for patterns or strings in bioinformatics files like FASTA, GFF, etc.

Q51. Which enzyme is used to synthesize cDNA from mRNA?

A. DNA polymerase

B. Taq polymerase

C. Reverse transcriptase

D. RNA polymerase

Answer: C

Explanation: Reverse transcriptase converts mRNA to complementary DNA (cDNA), used in transcriptomic studies.

Q52. The tool used to design PCR primers is:

A. Clustal Omega

B. Primer3

C. BLASTN

D. Bowtie

Answer: B

Explanation: Primer3 is widely used to design primers for PCR amplification of DNA sequences.

Q53. Which of the following can detect single base mutations in DNA?

A. RFLP

B. SNP genotyping

C. Microarray

D. ELISA

Answer: B

Explanation: SNP genotyping is used to detect single-nucleotide changes or polymorphisms in DNA.

Q54. DNA denaturation occurs primarily due to:

A. Mechanical force

B. Heat breaking hydrogen bonds

C. UV radiation

D. Protein cleavage

Answer: B

Explanation: Heat denatures DNA by disrupting hydrogen bonds between base pairs.

Q55. Which of the following stores transcription factor binding sites?

A. PDB

B. KEGG

C. JASPAR

D. MG-RAST

Answer: C

Explanation: JASPAR is a curated database of transcription factor binding motifs for gene regulation studies.

Q56. Which of the following is used to annotate gene features in a genome?

A. GFF file

B. FASTQ file

C. PDB file

D. BAM file

Answer: A

Explanation: GFF (General Feature Format) files contain annotations like genes, exons, CDS in genome data.

Q57. The database that stores epigenomic data is:

A. ENCODE

B. Pfam

C. PROSITE

D. DDBJ

Answer: A

Explanation: The ENCODE project provides genome-wide epigenomic and functional annotation data.

Q58. The principle of Illumina sequencing is based on:

A. Capillary electrophoresis

B. Sequencing by synthesis

C. Hybridization

D. Mass spectrometry

Answer: B

Explanation: Illumina sequencing involves incorporation of fluorescently labeled nucleotides, known as sequencing by synthesis.

Q59. Paired-end reads in NGS provide:

A. One direction read

B. Circular DNA read

C. Reads from both ends of a DNA fragment

D. Methylation data

Answer: C

Explanation: Paired-end sequencing reads both ends of DNA fragments for more accurate alignment and assembly.

Q60. What is the output format of FASTQC?

A. .pdb

B. .bam

C. .html

D. .csv only

Answer: C

Explanation: FASTQC generates interactive HTML reports for quality control of sequencing data.

Q61. Adapter contamination in raw reads is removed using:

A. Bowtie2

B. Trimmomatic

C. BWA

D. TopHat

Answer: B

Explanation: Trimmomatic is used to trim adapters and low-quality bases from raw sequencing reads.

Q62. The genome assembler used for long reads is:

A. SPAdes

B. Velvet

C. Canu

D. SOAPdenovo

Answer: C

Explanation: Canu is optimized for assembling long-read sequencing data (e.g., from PacBio or Oxford Nanopore).

Q63. What does 'coverage' refer to in sequencing?

A. Number of genes sequenced

B. Depth of sequencing at a given base

C. Number of chromosomes

D. GC content

Answer: B

Explanation: Coverage refers to the average number of times each base is read during sequencing.

Q64. BAM file is a:

A. Raw sequence format

B. Binary alignment format

C. Protein database

D. Phylogenetic tree file

Answer: B

Explanation: BAM is a binary format of SAM (Sequence Alignment Map) that stores aligned sequence data.

Q65. In quality scores of FASTQ, Q30 means:

A. 30 reads only

B. Base call accuracy of 99.9%

C. 30% error

D. GC content of 30%

Answer: B

Explanation: A Q30 score corresponds to a 1 in 1000 chance of incorrect base call (i.e., 99.9% accuracy).

Q66. Which statistical test is used to compare means of two groups?

A. ANOVA

B. T-test

C. Chi-square

D. Mann–Whitney

Answer: B

Explanation: A t-test is used to compare the means of two groups to determine if they are statistically different.

Q67. P-value less than 0.05 indicates:

A. No significance

B. 95% probability of false result

C. Statistical significance

D. Random association

Answer: C

Explanation: A p-value < 0.05 typically indicates that the observed result is statistically significant.

Q68. Multiple hypothesis testing correction is done using:

A. Pearson test

B. Bonferroni correction

C. Paired t-test

D. Chi-square test

Answer: B

Explanation: Bonferroni correction adjusts p-values when multiple tests are performed to reduce false positives.

Q69. In ROC curve analysis, AUC represents:

A. Association under curve

B. Area under curve

C. Accuracy of classification

D. Affinity of compound

Answer: B

Explanation: AUC (Area Under Curve) measures the overall performance of a binary classifier.

Q70. A heatmap is used in bioinformatics to:

A. Align sequences

B. Visualize gene expression

C. Build phylogenies

D. Annotate genomes

Answer: B

Explan

ation: Heatmaps graphically represent gene expression levels across different samples or conditions.

Q71. Which software is used for aligning short sequencing reads to a reference genome?

A. MEGA

B. BWA

C. MODELLER

D. Rasmol

Answer: B

Explanation: BWA (Burrows-Wheeler Aligner) is a popular tool for mapping short reads from high-throughput sequencing.

Q72. In protein structure modeling, GROMACS is used for:

A. Primer design

B. Sequence alignment

C. Molecular dynamics simulation

D. Annotation

Answer: C

Explanation: GROMACS is widely used for simulating molecular dynamics, especially for proteins and membranes.

Q73. EMBOSS suite is useful for:

A. Structural visualization

B. Wet lab experiment tracking

C. Sequence analysis

D. Transcript quantification

Answer: C

Explanation: EMBOSS (European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite) is used for various sequence analysis tasks.

Q74. Which alignment tool supports multiple sequence alignment?

A. Bowtie

B. Clustal Omega

C. BLAST

D. TMHMM

Answer: B

Explanation: Clustal Omega is used for performing multiple sequence alignments efficiently.

Q75. Biopython is a:

A. Sequencer

B. Database

C. Python library for bioinformatics

D. Genome assembler

Answer: C

Explanation: Biopython provides tools for biological computation in the Python programming language.

Q76. Which type of mutation results in a premature stop codon?

A. Silent

B. Missense

C. Nonsense

D. Transition

Answer: C

Explanation: Nonsense mutations introduce a stop codon early, truncating the protein.

Q77. Ka/Ks ratio is used to estimate:

A. Protein size

B. Codon usage bias

C. Evolutionary selection pressure

D. Expression level

Answer: C

Explanation: Ka/Ks ratio indicates selection: >1 positive selection, <1 purifying selection, =1 neutral evolution.

Q78. Orthologs are genes that:

A. Arise from duplication within species

B. Perform unrelated functions

C. Are derived from a common ancestor in different species

D. Have no sequence similarity

Answer: C

Explanation: Orthologs are homologous genes in different species that originated by speciation.

Q79. Which software is used for constructing phylogenetic trees?

A. PyMOL

B. MEGA

C. TMHMM

D. JBrowse

Answer: B

Explanation: MEGA (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) is commonly used to build and analyze phylogenetic trees.

Q80. Which evolutionary model assumes equal base frequencies and substitution rates?

A. Jukes-Cantor

B. Kimura 2-parameter

C. HKY

D. GTR

Answer: A

Explanation: Jukes-Cantor is a simple model of nucleotide substitution assuming equal base frequencies.

Q81. NCBI's protein database is:

A. PDB

B. NR (non-redundant)

C. GEO

D. SWISS-PROT

Answer: B

Explanation: NR is a comprehensive non-redundant protein sequence database at NCBI.

Q82. Which database contains 3D structures of nucleic acids?

A. GenBank

B. PDB

C. Pfam

D. KEGG

Answer: B

Explanation: PDB stores experimentally determined 3D structures of proteins, DNA, and RNA.

Q83. Which file format is used for storing protein structure data?

A. FASTA

B. SAM

C. PDB

D. FASTQ

Answer: C

Explanation: PDB files contain atomic coordinates of biomolecular 3D structures.

Q84. UniProt contains:

A. Structural annotations

B. Protein sequences and functional information

C. SNP data

D. RNA-Seq raw data

Answer: B

Explanation: UniProt provides high-quality protein sequences along with functional annotations.

Q85. What is the full form of MIAME?

A. Minimum Information About Microarray Experiments

B. Molecular Integration for Advanced Microarray Expression

C. Microarray Interoperability Annotation Model Expression

D. Meta-Informatics Array Mapping Engine

Answer: A

Explanation: MIAME is a guideline ensuring sufficient information is included in microarray experiments for reproducibility.

Q86. Metabolomics refers to the study of:

A. Genes

B. RNAs

C. Proteins

D. Metabolites

Answer: D

Explanation: Metabolomics involves profiling of small-molecule metabolites in biological samples.

Q87. Which technique is used for large-scale protein–DNA interaction detection?

A. ChIP-seq

B. RNA-Seq

C. MS/MS

D. RT-PCR

Answer: A

Explanation: ChIP-seq identifies binding sites of DNA-associated proteins such as transcription factors.

Q88. Which omics approach helps in functional annotation of uncharacterized proteins?

A. Transcriptomics

B. Proteomics

C. Metagenomics

D. Phenomics

Answer: B

Explanation: Proteomics helps determine the function and interactions of proteins.

Q89. The method used for clustering genes with similar expression profiles is:

A. K-means clustering

B. BLAST

C. Hidden Markov Models

D. Bayesian classifiers

Answer: A

Explanation: K-means clustering groups genes with similar expression patterns across conditions.

Q90. Which software is used for genome visualization?

A. JBrowse

B. BLAST

C. MAFFT

D. Rasmol

Answer: A

Explanation: JBrowse is a JavaScript-based genome browser used for interactive genome visualization.

Q91. MG-RAST is a server for:

A. Phylogenetic tree prediction

B. Protein modeling

C. Metagenomics data analysis

D. RNA secondary structure

Answer: C

Explanation: MG-RAST is used for automatic analysis and annotation of metagenomic data.

Q92. FASTA format represents:

A. Aligned 3D models

B. Nucleotide or protein sequences

C. Primer data

D. Variant annotation

Answer: B

Explanation: FASTA format is a plain text format representing DNA or protein sequences.

Q93. SNP annotation is done using:

A. ANNOVAR

B. BLAST

C. CLUSTALW

D. JBrowse

Answer: A

Explanation: ANNOVAR is used to annotate single nucleotide variants from sequencing data.

Q94. A dot plot is used to:

A. Compare two sequences

B. Annotate coding regions

C. Construct trees

D. Design PCR primers

Answer: A

Explanation: Dot plots graphically compare two sequences to show regions of similarity.

Q95. What is GFF3?

A. Protein folding tool

B. Format for functional annotations

C. Genomic feature format

D. Statistical file format

Answer: C

Explanation: GFF3 is a standard format for representing genomic features like genes, exons, and CDS.

Q96. An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences is called:

A. Ligase

B. DNA polymerase

C. Restriction endonuclease

D. Transcriptase

Answer: C

Explanation: Restriction enzymes recognize specific sequences and cleave DNA at those sites.

Q97. Which of the following is a supervised machine learning algorithm?

A. K-means

B. DBSCAN

C. SVM

D. PCA

Answer: C

Explanation: Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised learning algorithm used in classification.

Q98. A volcano plot is typically used in:

A. Gene expression studies

B. Genome sequencing

C. Molecular docking

D. Evolutionary tree building

Answer: A

Explanation: Volcano plots visualize fold-change vs. statistical significance in expression studies.

Q99. Which algorithm is used for aligning multiple long sequences efficiently?

A. MAFFT

B. BLAST

C. Bowtie

D. Primer3

Answer: A

Explanation: MAFFT is optimized for accurate and fast multiple sequence alignment.

Q100. NCBI SRA stands for:

A. Sequence Retrieval Algorithm

B. Standard RNA Assembly

C. Sequence Read Archive

D. Structural

 Ribozyme Archive

Answer: C

Explanation: SRA (Sequence Read Archive) stores raw sequencing data from high-throughput experiments.